Modal analysis structural dynamics

 

This Technical Division, one that is core to the IMAC conference, continues to support the field of Modal Analysis and Structural Dynamics as it continues to evolve and mature. Chapter 5 provides an overview of analytical techniques of structural analysis and their relation to Allemang has been actively involved in the area of experimental structural dynamics and modal analysis for over forty years, pioneering the use of multiple input, multiple output estimation of frequency response functions, developing the concept of cyclic averaging, formulating the modal assurance criterion (MAC) and the enhanced frequency Energy dissipated due to the modal structural damping. This paper addresses the combination of both methods using the example of an e-drive of an electric car, which has been analyzed on a test rig. Software modules are available for classical and Modal Analysis is first step in Turbine Bladed-Disk Structural Dynamic Analysis 14 • Identify natural frequencies and mode shapes, compare with frequencies of forcing functions. 2. Topics in Modal Analysis I, Volume 5. Fully analyzing and solving structural dynamics problems require the power of modal analysis, which separates mode shapes from the overall dynamic response of the structure. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied Mar 28, 2017 · Abstract. 7. Nevzat Özgüven Department of Mechanical Engineering Middle East Technical University Ankara 06531, TURKEY Email: arslan@me. –Note: damped modal analysis is covered in the dynamics course. Specifically, it is important to have a good grasp of the relationships between frequency response functions and their individ-ual modal parameters illustrated in Figure 1. Numerical Integration Linear Time History Method using a structural model that complies with the requirements of Sentence 4. Transient modal dynamic analysis gives the response of the model as a function of time based on a given time-dependent loading. Mode shapes describe the configurations into which a structure will naturally displace. It is subjected to a force \ (F (t)\) (N) that can vary with time t (s). 00 0. This edition updates Professor Craig’s classic introduction to structural dynamics, which has been an invaluable resource for practicing engineers and a textbook for undergraduate and Modal Analysis and Structural Dynamics: Metamaterials, Metastructures & Additive Manufacturing: Experimental Techniques: Dynamics of Rotating Machinery: Dynamics of Civil Structures: Dynamics of Biomedical & Bioinspired Systems: Dynamics of Aircraft/Aerospace Structures (incl. Sep 26, 2023 · Considering various spheres of study, such as mechanical structural response, vibrational analysis, and structural dynamics, several definitions of modal participation factors have been developed. 462 Non-linear model order reduction for elastohydrodynamic lubrication simulations of polymer seals Modal Identification of Non-Linear Structures and the Use of Modal Model in Structural Dynamic Analysis Özge Arslan and H. Although complex frequencies are used for mode-superposition, regular (non-complex) frequencies are reported […] Aug 31, 2021 · The findings contribute to the broader field of structural dynamics and modal analysis, offering a nuanced perspective on the dynamic characteristics of suspension bridges in real-world conditions For instance, if you are solving. 1142/S0219455412500769, 13:04, (1250076), Online publication date: 1-May-2013. Modal analysis is the study of the dynamic characteristics of a system independent from the loads applied to that system. Therefore, mathematical theory, as found necessary, has been presented in this chapter to obtain a logical development of these techniques. Modal Analysis is arguably the framework for structural dynamic testing of linear structures. 3. 1 a. We will show that these systems can be Within Mechanical Analysis Settings: •Specify the number of modes to find (default is 6). The Modal import/export capabilities facilitate its integration in various test environments. May 1, 2007 · Modal parameter estimation, termed modal analysis, is indubitably the most popular approach to performing linear system identification in structural dynamics. Jan 1, 2022 · Experimental modal analysis is the process of determining the modal parameters of a structural system (frequencies, damping factors, modal vectors, and modal scaling values) from experimental input-output data, normally frequency response functions (FRFs) or impulse response functions (IRFs). Aug 31, 2021 · The Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) is a common method as well and aims to identify the structural dynamics of a structure. Structural Dynamics Types 8760 Mar 27, 2019 · Modal analysis, or the mode-superposition method, is a linear dynamic-response procedure which evaluates and superimposes free-vibration mode shapes to characterize displacement patterns. In this chapter we will show a general approach related to vibrations in mechanical systems with more than one (or two) degrees-of-freedom. We also discuss the computation of modal participation factors. In order to Dec 4, 1998 · For the one-dimensional analysis of soft-soil layers on an elastic half-space, a general form of analytical solution is developed for converting radiation damping due to energy leaking back to the half-space into equivalent modal damping, allowing the modal analysis technique to be extended to a site where radiation damping has to be accounted for. Jan 1, 2019 · Topics in Modal Analysis & Testing, Volume 10: Proceedings of the 35th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2017, the tenth volume of ten from the Conference brings together the first three chapters review the needed skills in dynamics and finite ele-ment structural analysis. Mar 11, 2024 · Both types provide a one-to-one relationship between a particular input (for example, a force applied on a system) to its system response (for example, a displacement of the system due to its load). The robust modal analysis features of the STAR6 System™ reflect over 15 years of technological leadership. The excitation is given as a function of time: it is assumed that the amplitude curve is specified so that the magnitude of the excitation varies linearly within each increment. The recently developed modal pushover analysis (MPA) has been shown to be a significant improvement over the pushover analysis procedures currently used in structural engineering practice. of structural dynamics theory. Animation 1: EV Inverter dynamic response. vanderauweraer@lms. Full support of shaker tables and impulse hammer work allows fast and easy mode and approaches to transient dynamic analysis. This paper focuses on the critical points concerning the FE modeling for structural dynamic analysis of bolted connections to achieving reasonably accurate simulation results. Kuratani T. Journal of the Society of Environmental Engineers, 33 44; 8. Different NDI strategies, from conventional to more advanced, have been developed for a variety of structural types. Nov 15, 2013 · Modal analysis is a powerful tool to identify the. 00324 5% Critical in Modes 1 and 3 experimental modal analysis deals with inverse or identification problems. Powerful modal analysis and validation software featuring geometry drawing tools, ideal for use in single-reference modal analysis. 2006. It discusses how experimental and analytical Dec 19, 2020 · In recent decades, nonlinear damping identification (NDI) in structural dynamics has attracted wide research interests and intensive studies. (8) (see Appendix A); or. It provides a complete set of tools for observing, analysing and documenting the vibrational behaviour of machines and mechanical structures. dynamics theory to produce more optimal and economical May 1, 1996 · The modal analysis procedure for calculating the dynamic response of classically damped linear structural systems is reformulated with the objective of developing the physical significance of the elements of the solution and defining modal contribution factors. (2020) adopted the undamped modal analysis method for the dynamic characteristics of the direct finite element method with L-K viscous artificial boundary (Lysmer and Kuhlemeyer, 1969), and the structural natural frequencies were extracted using the modal participation factors and modal shapes. •Request additional result output if desired. At present, the most common monitoring methods for large structures such as buildings, bridges and dams are based on the analysis of either static data, such as strains and displacements, or discrete dynamic data such as accelerations at specific locations in structures [1], [2 Topics in Modal Analysis & Testing, Volume 8: Proceedings of the 39th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2021, the eighth volume of nine from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. Equations of Motion for Discrete Systems The Structural Dynamics and Acoustic Systems Laboratory (SDASL), formerly the Modal Analysis and Controls Laboratory, focuses on research related to analytical and experimental problems in the areas of structural and acoustic systems. The modal dynamic procedure provides time history analysis of linear systems. While theoretical precursors existed before, the field really flourished in the 1970s with the advent of laboratory-based digital FFT analysers. The structural dynamic behavior has been numerically simulated and Nov 18, 2016 · Modal analysis calculates the natural frequencies of the system alone. Nov 18, 2020 · Dynamic Anal ysis of Structur es. Chapter 4 describes the parameter estimation methods for extracting modal properties. Introduction. Several technical sessions are organized each year with papers presenting state-of-the-art advances and authored by some of the leading researchers in the field. ELKEA. Engineering. It isn’t related to a loading at this stage, only to the geometry. The eigenmodes are computed using the SLEPcEigensolver and compared against an analytical solution of beam theory. In this paper, we propose a procedure for predicting the modal data of a thin plate structure with a rib stiffener even when the rib is attached at a location where mode shapes are not measured. But, this approach suffers from the inconveniency because it takes long CPU time for the FEM analysis. LS-DYNA’s new modal analysis capability is combined with existing rigid body features to offer the additional advantage of large rigid For Export Control purpose, please describe the application for which the software will be used. Abstract A modal superposition pseudo-force method for the dynamic analysis of structural systems with non-proportional damping is presented. Abstract. A basic understanding of structural dynamics is necessary for successful modal testing. End-to-end solution for experimental modal analysis. It’s also a good complementary tool to Finite Elements software for model updating. The analysis may be done either experimentally or mathematically. tr NOMENCLATURE [D] {f} {F} i [H] [I ] [K] [M] {N} n v {x} {X} [α Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics is a civil engineering journal publishing research in structural, and geotechnical earthquake engineering. 4. BK Connect Geometry is a powerful tool for test geometry creation, geometry-guided structural setup and measurements, testing and finite element analysis (FEA) result animation. It looks for the natural frequencies of a structure and he The goal of modal analysis in structural mechanics is to determine the natural mode shapes and frequencies of an object or structure during free vibration. Keywords: Model Order Reduction, Modal Analysis, Guyan Reduction, Moment Matching, Krylov Subspace, Frequency Response. , column matrix) of n components, with the arbitrarily chosen ith component q i (t) representing the unknown time-functioning generalized displacement for the ith mode. The Eigenmodes of the Sep 1, 2020 · This process is referred to as experimental modal analysis (EMA) and is one of the key technologies in structural dynamics. A modal model that adequately represents the dynamics of the unmodified structure. However, in many applications, the real operating conditions may differ Jan 2, 2003 · An Erratum has been published for this article in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2003; 32:1795. May 1, 2023 · The structural dynamic characteristics including natural frequency, mode and damping ratio are the inherent properties of a structure. B&K Software for Structural Dynamics feature self-contained data acquisition and analysis for FEM, FEA, modal correlation, geometry testing & modelling. a 2-DOF system, you might end up with something like (when solving for the first mode): f11- 2f21 = 0, only defining a ratio between amplitudes of f11and f21. •Optionally specify a frequency search range (defaults from 0Hz to 1e+08Hz). Modal is the simplest analysis and the only thing it does is telling you what are the “resonance frequencies” of your geometry. Using the modal models, design improvements can be predicted and the structure optimized. The modal method of solution is emphasized, but other approaches are also considered. e. The model of the system is known to be in the form of modal parameters, namely the natural frequencies, vibration modes and damping ratios. Shimada T. System identification plays a crucial role in structural dynamics and vibro-acoustic system optimization. Consider a mass m (kg) on a frictionless floor and connected with a spring of stiffness k (N/m) to a fixed wall, as shown in Fig. frequency. Resonance frequencies change due to the shape of your model and the way it The report “Multiple Degrees of Freedom Structural Dynamics” by Luis E. Aug 1, 2012 · From the modal data base of an unmodified system, structural changes can be explored using the modal transformation to project changes from physical space to modal space of the unmodified system; this results in a heavily coupled set of equations which are drastically less than those of the physical model and can be written as (1) [[⋱ M ¯ 1 Modal analysis is a process of describing a structure in terms of its natural characteristics which are the frequency, damping and mode shapes - its dynamic properties [1]. 15 020 40 60 Frequency, Radians/Sec. May 4, 2017 · The problem of dynamic contact is generally a computationally demanding task which is a serious bottleneck for parallel structural dynamics codes. This article discusses two popular parts of modern day structural dynamics technology; the experimental portion, which is referred to as experimental modal analysis or modal testing, and the analytical portion, which is referred to as Finite Element Analysis (FEA) or Finite Element Modeling (FEM). 10 0. 05 0. tr, ozguven@metu. Ogawa. How To Perform Modal Analysis — Lesson 1. Systematic and accessible, Dynamic Analysis of Structures reflects the latest application of structural. Yamano T. The structure's response is based on a subset of the modes of the system, which must first be extracted using an eigenfrequency extraction procedure ( Natural frequency extraction ). If the mode shapes are very different, the MAC value will be close to zero. This paper presents results of an experimental modal analysis of A critical, textbook-like review of the generalized modal superposition method of evaluating the dynamic response of nonclassically damped linear systems is presented, which it is hoped will increase the attractiveness of the method to structural engineers and its application in structural engineering practice and research. Modal Analysis & Mass Normalization Mar 1, 1999 · Experimental identification of structural dynamics models is usually based on the modal analysis approach. Dynamic response analysis is designed to address this deficiency by providing a methodology to handle non-constant load conditions. Modal analysis of an elastic structure¶ This program performs a dynamic modal analysis of an elastic cantilever beam represented by a 3D solid continuum. When the model is projected onto the eigenmodes used for its Modal analysis is the study of the dynamic properties of systems in the frequency domain. The Dynamic Analysis Procedure shall be in accordance with one of the following methods: Linear Dynamic Analysis by either the Modal Response Spectrum Method or the. In this case, regular (non-complex) mode shapes are calculated and are used for mode-superposition. It provides engineers with information regarding how the design will respond to different types of dynamic loading and can be used, for example, to avoid resonant vibrations that can be harmful to the structure. Modal methods approximate the structural response of a body by a linear combination of pre-computed mode shapes, eliminating the need for explicit element processing. 8. metu. Jan 1, 2014 · In Eqs. Chapter 2 and 3 which is the bulk of the note – describes the measure-ment process for acquiring frequency response data. In the classical modal parameter estimation approach, the baseline data which are processed are frequency response functions measured under laboratory conditions. Modal analysis is widely used to describe the dynamic properties of a structure in terms of the modal parameters: natural frequency, damping factor, modal mass and mode shape. With apparent advantages over classical linear methods, these strategies are able to quantify the nonlinear damping characteristics Jan 15, 2001 · NANDAKUMAR P and SHANKAR K (2013) STRUCTURAL PARAMETER IDENTIFICATION USING DAMPED TRANSFER MATRIX AND STATE VECTORS, International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics, 10. • If can’t avoid, frequently have to perform forced response analysis The Modal Assurance Criterion Analysis (MAC) analysis is used to determine the similarity of two mode shapes: If the mode shapes are identical (i. This understanding is of value in both the measurement and analysis phases of the Dewesoft structural dynamics systems allow you to perform modal tests (FRF, OMA, ODS, SIMO, and MIMO), FFT display and analysis, spectrum analysis, fatigue tests, shock response spectrum, sine reduction (COLA), and structural and bridge health monitoring. It shows at which frequencies the structure can vibrate freely and determines the vibration pattern following free vibration for a chosen frequency. May 1, 2023 · Borbón et al. The modal analysis is based on the superposition of eigenmodes (eigenvectors) ϕi, that Design and material utilization. In steady-state dynamic analysis this is the cyclic mean value. The resulting concepts are used to develop an approach for predicting how the relative contributions of various modes to the response Geometry Creation, Testing and Analysis Software. It is common to use the finite element method (FEM) to perform this analysis because, like other calculations using the FEM, the object being analyzed can have arbitrary shape and the results of the calculations are acceptable. They are described below. The natural frequencies of the system, modal damping ratios, and mode shapes of the object under test can be determined. 2 Structural dynamics. edu. (for instance, if f 11= 1, then f 21 = 0. Examples would include measuring the vibration of a car’s body when it is attached to a shaker, or the noise pattern in a room when excited by a loudspeaker. …. In structural design, the rigid-base is often used for structural modal analysis. 1. , all points move the same) the MAC will have a value of one or 100%. It is organized in seven sections with a corresponding example. With these inputs, SDM calculates a new modal model that represents the dynamics of the modified structure. This…. Overview. In contrast to quasi-static and dynamic, modal analysis provides an overview of the limits of the response of a system. For example, Modal is compatible with FEMtools from Dynamic Design Solution, specialist software for: Structural static and dynamics simulation, Jul 29, 2013 · The objective of this work is to develop a new structural health monitoring system for composite aerospace structures based on dynamic response strain measurements and experimental modal analysis techniques. Each “mode” of the structure has a specific frequency, damping, and deflection shape associated with it. F. 41487 β= 0. 5, or if you choose f 11 = 2, then f 21 = 1, and so forth). For information about how we handle personal information, please see our privacy policy. The main thrust of the SDASL is to develop, employ and improve techniques to solve these problems using Allemang has been actively involved in the area of experimental structural dynamics and modal analysis for over forty years, pioneering the use of multiple input, multiple output estimation of frequency response functions, developing the concept of cyclic averaging, formulating the modal assurance criterion (MAC) and the enhanced frequency Jul 1, 2022 · 1. The present paper not only reviews the Jun 27, 2017 · 1 SDOF Dynamics. When a mode shape is compared to itself, the Modal Jun 30, 2023 · Modal analysis, which is a part of the wider subject of structural dynamics, is the theory dealing with the dynamics of mechanical systems described by modes . Rely on decades of expertise in structural testing and analysis for generating a modal model of your component or assembly to assess its dynamic behavior. Theoretical Foundations of Structural Dynamics In the section, the theoretical foundations of structural dynamics and modal analysis are presented under the assumption of linear behavior. Allemang has been actively involved in the area of experimental structural dynamics and modal analysis for over forty years, pioneering the use of multiple input, multiple output estimation of frequency response functions, developing the concept of cyclic averaging, formulating the modal assurance criterion (MAC) and the enhanced frequency Oct 2, 2017 · Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) has developed into a major technology for studying structural dynamics in the past several decades. 7500 Structural Modification with Mode Shape Expansion for Rib Stiffeners. This variable is available for the whole model. External work. Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) optical sensors were used for monitoring the dynamic response of the composite structure. (Available only for the whole model. One approach to addressing this problem is to incorporate modal analysis in those calculations—perhaps as a component of a multi-grid approach. The position of the mass from its static equilibrium position is measured by \ (x (t)\) (m). dynamic characteristics of structures. Modal dynamic analysis. With the modal analysis, the fundamental vibrational properties of structures or systems can be determined. Testing Techniques) Dynamic Substructuring & Transfer Path Analysis The Modal Analysis package is part of m+p Analyzer, m+p international's dynamic signal analyzer for noise & vibration measurements and analysis. Includes powerful features for test planning, benefiting both test engineers and analysts. Dec 14, 2022 · The inverse matrix of inertia term which is composed of mass, damping and stiffness matrices has been traditionally solved by the frequency-wise direct method, in order to obtain the response spectrum of MDOF model for the system which includes the frequency-dependent components. Analyze and Solve Structural Dynamics Problems. be Abstract - System identification plays a crucial Feb 1, 2001 · System identification plays a crucial role in structural dynamics and vibro-acoustic system optimization. Total kinetic energy amplitude in the Jun 10, 2024 · Loads are dynamic, varying with time and frequency. It is typically employed when the frequency of a load exceeds one-third of the basic frequency. Structural Frequencies Rayleigh Proportional Damping (Example) 0. Oct 1, 2021 · 1. It is imperative to Oct 21, 2020 · This video lesson introduces modal analysis as the most fundamental of all dynamic analysis types. Through Experimental Modal Analysis, complex structure phenomena in structural dynamics can be represented using decoupled modes consisting of natural frequency, damping, and mode shapes. Modal Damping Ratio MASS STIFFNESS TOTAL TYPE α= 0. Finite elements attached to a geometric model of the structure that characterize the structural modifications. While, in reality, due to the finite stiffness of the soil site, the interaction between soil and structure always exists. The followed approach is based on the “Modal Analysis” concept. The followed approach is based on the "Modal Analysis" concept. • Try to avoid resonant conditions (“triple crossover”) during design. Fuellekrug U. Frequency response analysis in structural dynamics usually requires solving large dynamical systems of the form ( !2M + i!D + K)u(!) = f(!), which result from a FE discretization. May 17, 2012 · An augmented free-interface-based modal substructuring for nonlinear structural dynamics including interface reduction 1 Dec 2019 | Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. Every structure. The dynamic stiffness method is a powerful approach that enables to obtain more exact solution in dynamic analysis of structures, especially, when high frequency vibrations need to be investigated. Total kinetic energy in the element. Apr 4, 2023 · Operational modal analysis (OMA) methods are nowadays common in civil, mechanical and aerospace engineering to identify and monitor structural systems without any knowledge on the structural excitation provided that the latter is due to ambient vibrations. ALLWK. ) Whole element energy variables: ELKE. 264. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied Aug 17, 2012 · American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics 12700 Sunrise Valley Drive, Suite 200 Reston, VA 20191-5807 703. For this reason, OMA methods are embedded with stochastic concepts and then it is difficult for users that have no-knowledge in signal Jan 2, 2003 · An Erratum has been published for this article in Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics 2003; 32:1795. A single shaker may not effectively excite all the modes of a structure. On the other hand, the dynamic characteristics of high frequency modes of a structure are more sensitive to local damage such as crack. In mechanical engineering, further examples of the usage of the term “modal participation factor” can be found. Proceedings of the 30 th IMAC, A Conference and Exposition on Structural Dynamics, 2012, the fifth volume of six from the Conference, brings together 53 contributions to this important area of research and engineering. FUNDAMENTALS OF STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS From theory and fundamentals to the latest advances in computational and experimental modal analysis, this is the definitive, updated reference on structural dynamics. Mar 8, 2024 · Structural dynamics - Part 2 Courtesy of HEAD acoustics, GmbH What is modal analysis? Experimental modal analysis (EMA) is a method for analyzing the dynamic properties of linear, time-invariant The Handbook is devoted primarily to the areas of structural mechanics served by the Society for Experimental Mechanics IMAC community, such as modal analysis, rotating machinery, structural health monitoring, shock and vibration, sensors and instrumentation, aeroelasticity, ground testing, finite element techniques, model updating, sensitivity Feb 1, 2012 · Ewins D. The Eigenmodes of the system model can be visualized and allow a direct physical interpretation. vibrates with high amplitude of vibration at its resonant. Improvements in performance, including significant weight savings in the steel body achieved over recent model generations, are described in the following sections and these are attributed to the effective application of FEM analysis and the inter-relationship Jan 1, 2017 · Consequently, predicting the structural dynamic behavior of such components employing numerical models such as finite element (FE) method is an extremely challenging issue. Feb 1, 2017 · 1. J. Generally, go ahead and make fmn= 1 (where m is top An augmented free-interface-based modal substructuring for nonlinear structural dynamics including interface reduction 1 Dec 2019 | Journal of Sound and Vibration, Vol. 2 and 3, Φ is the modal matrix (\( n \times n \)) consisting of all n mode shapes φ i arranged as its columns, which includes the entire modal shape information. STAR Modal. 1988 27-1 Survey of Parameter Estimation Methods in Experimental Modal Analysis. 3. And q(t) is a vector (i. This model can support you in product development phases, from specialized noise and vibration troubleshooting and benchmarking activities Modal testing and the acquired test data are the basis for performing modal analysis and making conclusions on the structural dynamics of test objects. 462 Evaluation of free interface-based reduction techniques for nonlinear forced response analysis of shrouded blades Feb 23, 2023 · Experimental modal analysis is, therefore, a difficult application, especially where high accuracy is required; besides an in-depth knowledge of structural dynamics is also required. 2000 Non-Linearity in Structural Dynamics and Experimental Modal Analysis Baldock, Hertfordshire, England: Research Studies Press Ltd. Geoffrey Davies, in Materials for Automobile Bodies (Second Edition), 2012. Garcia and Mete Sozen presents the principles of structural dynamics applied to systems having several degrees of freedom. The modal parameter extraction methods can roughly be classified into two categories: the ones based on frequency-domain signals, and the ones based on time-domain signals. Jun 6, 2022 · For a MSUP (mode superposition) Harmonic Analysis and a MSUP Transient Analysis, one can use the Reduced Damped (QRDAMP) solver with the "Store Complex Solution" property set to "No". The remainder of the textbook is organized mostly on the basis of first writing structural system equations of motion, and then solving those equations. Monitoring of large structural systems is important for the assessment of their health and safety. The present paper not only reviews the . Modal analysis provides valuable insight into the dynamic characteristics of a structure. The change of modal characteristics directly provides an indication of structural condition based on changes in frequencies and mode shapes of vibration. IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference Budapest, Hungary, May 21-23, 2001 Structural Dynamics Modeling using Modal Analysis: Applications, Trends and Challenges Herman Van der Auweraer LMS International Interleuvenlaan 68, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium Phone: +32 16 384 200, Fax: +32 16 384 350 E-mail: herman. Aug 28, 2017 · Experimental Modal Analysis (EMA) has developed into a major technology for the study of structural dynamics in the past several decades. dx zk hk hw ky hu tf en hp jb