It throws an EntityExistsException if you call it on an already managed entity. getReference(Game. + " (first_name last_name, street_address, zip_code, email, city, state) ". May 11, 2024 · A quick and practical guide to Hibernate write methods: save, persist, update, merge, saveOrUpdate. Step 1: Setting up the project. Ususally the commit is delayed. I tried very hard to find an annotation and setting which works. In other words, it updates an existing entity with the data from the submitted object. You use EntityManager. merge(user) before changing the user you should use the returned instance instead of your parameter, so either it is: public void updateUserName(User user, String name) {. class, entity. Below, the servlet looks up the session bean Jul 7, 2011 · If you want to avoid mucking around with transaction isolation levels, consider splitting the method calls across several transactions. Otherwise, it calls the entityManager. begin() method first pulls the transaction from current persistence context and then begins the transaction using begin() method. Actually, for every insert operation it's taking me 300ms which I want to reduce using batch inserts instead of single inserts. use saveAll() method of your repo with the list of entities prepared for inserting. jpa. When I call em. merge(. Working example is here. When I pass an entity bean to my session bean for updating, and then call EntityManager. In any case, it will copy the state from the supplied entity, and return a managed copy. If you don't need to directly use the EntityManager, in my case a solution for Envers to be aware of the entity-state change was to annotate my @Entity class with @DynamicUpdate, and wrap with @Transactional the method that set the field I wanted to update. Jan 8, 2024 · The EntityManager checks whether a given entity already exists and then decides if it should be inserted or updated. Feb 18, 2015 · Suppose I have EntityManager em and that I have Entity e. Dec 7, 2012 · public int saveChain(Chain chain) { chain. When I run merge() to update the entity it results in two records in the database. e. It persists or merges the given entity by using the underlying JPA EntityManager. Enter your password and click “Login”. getTransaction Dec 29, 2015 · 0. Using merge () method we can create/save a new record as well as we can update an existing record. And this behavior is not specific to EntityManager. Feb 27, 2019 · To persist an entity, you should use the JPA persist method. 5. Jun 15, 2014 · I don't get any errors or exceptions, it just wont update the data on the DB. Aug 2, 2017 · You try to merge a new object. Step 2: Add the dependencies. Get All Records Using Postman. Feb 18, 2013 · Hibernate EntityManager. So, it will not update the entry in to DataBase. This can gain you some efficiencies if you have a large number of items to commit. Mar 10, 2019 · entityManagerFactory. By default JPA does not normally write changes to the database until the transaction is committed. Typically, if you have a 1:n relationship, and you are inserting into the :n table, you would lock the corresponding "main" record. batch_size to appropriate value you need (for example: 20). Example. For this reason, you cannot map Database Table with a Java Record as you would do with an Entity Class. Jul 20, 2013 · JPA EntityManager: merge() is trying to create a new row in the db - why? 0. my problem is that if i create a new (detached) instance with the id of an existing instance, and then pass that detached instance to merge, hibernate creates a new entity (meaning it generates a new id, and The JPA module of Spring Data contains a custom namespace that allows defining repository beans. In hibernate there’s more – save, persist, saveOrUpdate, update, merge. Since you are using Spring, you need to use Spring transactions, not JPA transactions. Navigate to www. 21. This depends on whether you use a generated id and To create a new entity instance, after acquiring an EntityManager ( "Acquiring an EntityManager" ), use EntityManager method persist passing in the entity Object, as Example 29-16 shows. <groupId>org. This interface defines the methods that are used to interact Sep 6, 2018 · One gotcha we encountered with this technique is that detach will ignore unflushed changes to the managed entity. Jul 1, 2009 · Merge returns the managed instance that the state was merged with. persist(en); em. 2. 16. setChangeDate(new Date()); Jun 27, 2013 · What happens then is that, because the connection of simple entity beans to the JPA context is lost, when . when we call JPA merge (entity), If there is any changes made on entity will be persisted in to database and also vise versa. refresh(something) (or I have to call a . This is what's happening. If the entity does not exist, it will be saved as a new record. Mar 16, 2012 · Persisting an entity only makes it "attached" to the persistence context. Entities are managed by the entity manager, which is represented by javax. The return type of the persist () method is void whereas the merge Feb 2, 2011 · Hibernate - merge () may insert new record. Managing Entities. If the merge isn't happening you don't have transactions setup properly. Objects may be deleted in the following scenarios: By using EntityManager. You can achieve this by creating a new business method in separate SLSB that requires a new transaction to be created on every invocation (REQUIRES_NEW). flush(); Nov 3, 2013 · Call entityManager. persist(abc); em. An EntityManager object manages a set of entities defined by Persistence Unit with the help of Persistence Context. Jan 31, 2012 · This should be called to save * entities that already exist in the database. James. merge I get duplicate, PK violation since datetime holds 3 digits for milisec, but hibernet converts it to datetime2 , which holds 7 digits for milisec. Which record to lock will be application-specific. The set of entities that can be managed by a given EntityManager instance is defined by a persistence unit. But I have also noticed that merge performs an additional select queries before update/insert to ensure record does not already exists in the database. Benutzer. za and click “Login”. Because I tried. With Transient Entity. EntityManager Merge Inserts Aug 4, 2017 · I expect that they are validated/returned after the save operation. The problem here is that you want to implement an "upsert" on some unique key other than the PK and JPA doesn't really provide support for that (merge relies on database identity). persist is not guaranteed to generate the ID. createNativeQuery ), which allows you to execute any request you want. The ID is guaranteed to be generated at flush time only. merge(user); managedUser. I’m always using merge() for the sake of simplicity, but one must be aware what is the exact behaviour of this method. Jun 12, 2012 · EntityManager. Jul 25, 2014 · To be able to Insert to the PARENT_TABLE a new row, do I have to create a new Entity class with just two fields (PK_ONE, PK_TWO) to be able to use the merge() or persist() method? Will I have to create another Entity class to Insert a new row to my CHILD_TABLE? To retrieve a List with the existing data I have a method something like this: . If you want to (1) modify a managed entity, (2) detach the entity, and (3) persist a copy, then you must call flush before you detach, or else your modifications won't be persisted. Feb 23, 2016 · You can also use a form of pessimistic locking, by acquiring a database lock on some record (using EntityManager. Aug 18, 2016 · Creating a new entity bean involves inserting a new row in the database. Domain Model For the upcoming test cases, we are going to use the following Mar 17, 2024 · Here’s a simple code snippet demonstrating how to use the save () method in Spring Data JPA to persist an entity: Order order = new Order (); order. @PersistenceContext(unitName = "testing") EntityManager eM; Query querys = this. createEntityManager(); and then i head into my insertWithQuery function, this is where i try to insert data in my customer table. Feb 20, 2011 · AbstractCredential is an entity instead of a @MappedSuperclass so i can select from it by id and get the relevant "concrete" class. Feb 16, 2022 · For new entities, you should always use persist, while for detached entities you need to call merge. To workaround this, I have to inject/declare the EntityManager in the REST controller, and call the method EntityManager. begin(); Person person = personDao. answered Jul 2, 2013 at 14:30. When the record is new, the constructor will mark the object as isNew = true; when it is read, the @PostLoad will mark isNew = false. Because of this automatic management, the only statements allowed by JPA are SELECT, UPDATE and DELETE. name = 'his name'. merge () updates the database to reflect changes made to a detached entity bean. Bozho. – Augusto Jul 13, 2015 · I am using Hibernate-EntityManager version 4. When an orphanRemoval is applied. Dec 5, 2020 · 3. Oct 5, 2012 · Here's how the specification defines the merge operation: The semantics of the merge operation applied to an entity X are as follows: If X is a detached entity, the state of X is copied onto a pre-existing managed entity instance X' of the same identity or a new managed copy X' of X is created. Create A record Using Postman. find(Employee. properties. If you begin a new transaction and then persist a large number of objects, they won't actually be inserted into the DB until you commit the transaction. EntityManager. save(author); May 15, 2017 · I am performing a task of reading a row from a source database and if same record exists in target database then merging the row in target database. EXTERNAL GUIDE A STEP-BY-STEP GUIDE TO THE ENTITY MERGE FUNCTIONALITY ON Sep 30, 2014 · The merge operation allows for the propagation of state from detached entities onto persistent entities managed by the EntityManager. public void insertWithQuery(Customer customer) {. A persistence context defines the scope under which particular Jun 24, 2012 · No it wont be thread safe, but the container creates new one when needed (I could be wrong), so it looks like it's thread safe. persist() invoked on them. I have tried the solution explained at Hibernate MSSQL datetime2 mapping but it doesn't work Run this program, and you should see it inserts a new row into the contact table in database. The transaction will be commited after the method has finished. MyEntity unmanaged = new MyEntity(); MyEntity managed = entityManager. See the javadoc for both methods. Nov 17, 2023 · Because of this, using records directly as JPA entities doesn’t work well—they just don’t match up. We also discussed why not to use the JpaTemplate and how to replace it with the EntityManager. getId(); or return the entity itself rather than its ID. EntityManager#merge is only allowed for existing objects (According to the manual: IllegalArgumentException - if instance is not an entity or is a removed entity). Jul 2, 2013 · 2. Apr 30, 2020 · The persist () method is used to create or save a new entity in the database. If you are using resource-local transactions (not managed by JTA transaction manager) try something like this: EntityTransaction tx = entityManager. Another way (needs more testing) is to create a transient property in the entity called isNew. On the other hand, a Java Record excels in transferring information between tiers where logic application is needed. remove. merge() is attempted on the Customer bean, JPA wishes to save the simple entity beans as new records in the database, although these exist 100% in the database already, so I guess this is a "detached entity" problem. Make sure you have a <tx:annotation-driven /> or @EnableTransactionManagement when using java config. Try making IotEntity implement Persistable and returning false from isNew(). User managedUser = em. EntityManager Update Entity Example To update an entity object, you should use the EntityManager ’s merge() method. Nov 9, 2018 · Hibernate ORM. createNativeQuery. I have two entity objects user and user-details. createEntityManager(); Employee employee = em. The update method is useful for batch processing tasks only. I have a freshly created entity (detached because not yet saved in the DB). save(order); Copy. As it turns out the task is not as simple as it seems from the first sight. The Pseudo-code example is as outlined below: Apr 16, 2016 · What you want to do is leverage the transfer object pattern and overlay the incoming data atop of the actual database object: @PathParam("id") Long id) {. flush()to commit your merge action into the database. This way, the dirty checking mechanism can detect any state change and propagate it to the database. Here's code I am using currently executing for single inserts. Before merge: After merge: Saving an entity can be performed with the CrudRepository. By executing a delete JPQL statement. persist(chain); return 222; } if you assign Id, then hibernate/jpa will try to update record, which is not available, instead of inserting new record and I think will not throw exception. Oct 31, 2018 · A simple way to merge entity collections with JPA and Hibernate. When you call this method, it marks the new instance for insert into the database. In this article, you are going to see a shortcoming of the merge entity state transition and how you can deal with it using Hibernate. private static void findDetachAndMergeEntity() {EntityManager em = entityManagerFactory. Oct 22, 2005 · Oct 22, 2005 6:03 PM. A JPA or Hibernate entity can be in one of the following four states: The Hibernate Session provides state transition methods like save , saveOrUpdate and update apart from methods implemented from JPA specs, for example, persist (), merge () and remove (). Create the new Java project in the IntelliJ Idea on creating the project select the template as the library build system as maven and click on the next button. When a deletion is cascaded from other entity instances. You can update the objects that are controlled by the entitymanager, then you don't need to merge. 6. Apr 9, 2016 · Write JPQL, something like: UPDATE Person p SET p. persist(e) the Java EE JPA documentation says that an EntityExistsException is thrown if e already exists in the persistence context. Oct 27, 2012 · You do not need to explicitly call merge or update methods. flush(); return abc. When the transaction is committed, or if the persistence context is flushed, then the object will Jun 9, 2018 · To get a bulk insert with Spring Boot and Spring Data JPA you need only two things: set the option spring. The entity class I want to change: I already managed to fill it with data from the DB, so I think it should be alright. To use merge or remove methods of 'EntityManager' you need to pass th entity object in the parameter. The final result is a lightweight, clean DAO implementation, with almost no compile-time reliance on Spring. merge() was introduced to merge changes made to a detached entity into an attached one. If your entity bean is not detached, there's no need to invoke merge (). merge(entity) answered Jun 1, 2011 at 7:58. After acknowledging the problem, the merging method can be rewritten like this: Post post = entityManager. Enter your username and click “Next”. Then I invoke myNewEntity. gov. What I need is to update timestamp in an entity that has already been stored, otherwise create and store new entity with the current timestamp. For managed entities, you don’t need any save method because Hibernate automatically synchronizes the entity state with the underlying database record. Symfony provides all the tools you need to use databases in your applications thanks to Doctrine, the best set of PHP libraries to work with databases. if we try to update an existing record using persist () method it will throw EntityExistsException. The content is the same, but the id is incrementing. Write a Native Query, in this case, you will write PLAIN SQL and the run it. flush() afterwards. When we invoke flush () on the EntityManager, the JPA provider in turn executes any SQL statements required to persist or update the entities in the database. Maven Dependencies. You can also use native queries ( em. eM. persist() always tries to create a new managed object. You'd have to use merge() for updates. merge(myNewEntity) to store it. This has never happened before or again afterwards, but at that point in time it happened 6 times in a row. So add the following method into the repository class: Mar 17, 2024 · Moreover, we can access the Persistence Context by using the APIs in EntityManager. merge(unmanaged); Jan 8, 2024 · Similar to the find () method, getReference () is also another way to retrieve entities: Game game = entityManager. First, we need to include the dependencies of Hibernate: <dependency>. I am running JBoss4. Before delving further into the correct use of this Jun 23, 2018 · As you all know, EntityManager. find( Organization. merge () to update an entity bean that already exists. Mar 8, 2010 · A have a JPA entity that has timestamp field and is distinguished by a complex identifier field. I'm using Glassfish and JPA and have problems updating database records. java. So if you really need the ID before the transaction ends (and the entity manager is thus flushed), call flush () explicitely to get the ID: MyEntity en = new MyEntity(); en. getReference(), EntityManager. EntityManager instances. I suspect, you changed the code. ) gets an instance and returns an instance that is managed. createQuery(""". 3. Jun 1, 2011 · EntityManager. hibernate. If the entity has not yet been persisted, Spring Data JPA saves the entity with a call to the entityManager. Also make sure that you don't have duplicate instances of your beans. , none of which worked and in most cases caused the EntityManager to be not injected anymore. For example if your method has an @TransactionAttribute annotation. A cloned entity is detached, so you need to persist it (if it doesn't have an id) and it will represent a new object, hence a new entry in the database. Dec 22, 2010 · 2. */ @Transactional public T merge( T entity ) { return em. It will delegate all calls to the current transactional EntityManager, if any; otherwise it will fall back to a newly created EntityManager per operation. What I'm actually doing is this: First, I'm traversing an XML document. lock()). createQuery or em. For example, when adding a new item to an Feb 5, 2020 · 0. This is normally desirable as it avoids database access, resources and locks until required. select p. So, either flush the entity manager explicitely: em. entityManager. Using Session. Jan 27, 2017 · How to use em. // Saving a new author and his articles authorRepository. Click on the SARS Registered Details functionality, under the Home tab to proceed. The EntityManager API is used to create and remove persistent entity instances, to find entities by their primary key, and to query over entities. Jun 4, 2015 · You need merge() only to make a transient entity managed by your entity manager. merge (), the EntityManager is performing another INSERT. getId() ); // map changable values to the entity. I have noticed that I am getting duplicate records in MySQL when doing merge ()'s. Feb 10, 2023 · Created three calls, /getall is responsible to get all employee records, /create will use to post data and create new record, /get/{id} is use to get a single employee record and /delete/{id} rest end point use to delete record. 37. save () 2. These tools support relational databases like MySQL and PostgreSQL and also NoSQL databases like MongoDB. hibernate</groupId>. merge() to insert OR update for jpa entities if primary key is generated by database? Whether you're using generated identifiers or not is IMO irrelevant. When the transaction ends, the flush will happen, and users of the entity outside of the transaction will thus see the An EntityManager instance is associated with a persistence context. Check out EntityManager. This method returns the same instance that you passed in. 0. I'll try to give all relevant code. Now, suppose that entities of type Entity have a surrogate key generated automatically by the database, but they also have a field (or Apr 5, 2013 · The only difference is that if you invoke em. Spring will inject a threadsafe version of the EntityManager. But if you call em. merge, it seems JPA sees this as a new entity and does a new insert in the database instead of merging my detached entity. contains(user) without a commit you just get the old state. class, 1L ); Copy. The previous example issue came from not synchronizing both ends of the bidirectional association. persist(…) method. flush() operation can be used the write all changes to the database before the transaction is committed. Yesterday we noticed an issue where a call to EntityManager. createNativeQuery(insertQuery); for (String s : someList) {. find() will also spare a query to retrieve the entity if the entity is stored in the Persistence May 11, 2024 · The flush () method is used to synchronize any changes made to entities managed by persistence context with the underlying database. Organization org = entityManager. I'm persisting an entity and using the same object to apply some changes. @Transactional. Get A Single Record Using Postman. So add the following method into the repository class: 3 THE ENTITY MERGE PROCESS. The insert has to be done using EntityManager#persist. Every time we call createEntityManager() method, it will return a new instance of EntityManager. getId()) method to have the complete persisted entity): @RestController. persist(). merge( entity ); } // other methods like persist, delete, refresh, findByKey that all delegate to em. getReference() spares a query to retrieve the entity in two cases : 1) if the entity is stored in the Persistence context, that is the first level cache. Jun 6, 2020 · The EntityManager. getTransaction(). class, 1); System Jan 22, 2019 · Introduction One of my readers has recently asked me about optimizing the merge entity state transition, and, because this is a great question, I decided to turn it into a blog post. And in case of transient instances it returns a new instance (does not modify the original) So your mergeEntity(. 3. Check out the Doctrine screencast series. Oct 3, 2023 · JPA EntityManager. This entity holds another entity that already exists in the db (but is detached, too). Two primary use Feb 24, 2024 · PERSIST and MERGE (save): Spring Data uses the save() method for both creating new and updating existing entities. ) method should return em. 1 LOGIN TO EFILING. You need to declare the transaction in Spring, or access the EntityManager directly, not through Spring. In both cases, you will need to do something like: Query query = em. User is associated with UserDetial with one-to-one mapping. Databases are a broad topic, so the Aug 2, 2015 · I'm encountering a problem when merging an existing parent entity with a new child entity. createNativeQuery("INSERT INTO customer ". Oct 28, 2014 · I was wondering if there is a way to perform an update other than using the merge() method, there are lots of cases where I just need to update a single field on the database, and to do it I have to bring the entire object from the db with all its relationships, set new new value, and then call the merge method passing the modified object. 3 using MySQL Dialect. sars. – AssenKhan. The EntityManager. Yes, merge () method is used to update the record for the particular entity but it can create new record for associated entities in some situation. merge(…) method. However, it’s important to note that invoking save () doesn’t immediately trigger a database insert operation. The save and saveOrUpdate are just aliases to update and you should not probably use them at all. So I can not tell what the original problem was. findOne(something. setAge(23); Within the persistence context, the entity instances and their lifecycle are managed. To copy the detached entity state, merge should be preferred. I have multiple tables using an id with a generated value. 93 2 8. . In this tutorial, we’ll take a look at the configuration, types, and various APIs of the EntityManager. The other fields remain unset unless we lazily request them. It also contains certain features and element attributes that are special to JPA. In the java code, I use LocaDatetime which holds 10 digits for milsec. Generally, the JPA repositories can be set up by using the repositories element, as shown in the following example: Example 1. Initializing with true value in constructor and false in @PostLoad method. g. I have checked the datasource's of both entityManager objects and they look fine. Jan 3, 2013 · I also needed to update a single field of my entity. setName("My name"); em. getTransaction(); tx. By executing native queries. Thus, I would use em. Inserting and such works fine, but when I try to merge Hibernate does not update the old rows and creates new ones. The semantics of the merge operation applied to an entity X are as follows: If X is a detached entity, the state of X is copied onto a pre-existing managed entity instance X' of the same identity or a new managed Jan 8, 2024 · 2. // lookup entity from database. Delete A record May 22, 2019 · Ville Lehtonen. @Entity. Feb 9, 2019 · Hibernate generates a SELECT statement first to fetch the latest state of the underlying database record, and then, it copies the detached entity state onto the newly fetched managed entity. This tutorial illustrated how to set up a DAO layer with Spring and JPA, using both XML and Java based configuration. * * @param entity The entity to be merged * @return The merged entity. It does return something that exists in PersistenceContext or creates a new instance of your entity. merge() operation is used to merge the changes made to a detached object into the persistence context. The trouble is that whenever I try to update a record by issuing an EntityManager. Within the persistence context, the entity instances and their lifecycle are managed. Here’s a test that depicts what’s 2,874 9 41 70. setDate(new Date()); //chain. Depending on the implementation of JPA (not sure about EclipseLink) the returned instance of the merge call might be a different copy of the original object. merge() does not create table record. Sep 24, 2017 · I am having issues with the very simple EntityManager merge() method. February 02, 2011. Each EntityManager instance is associated with a persistence context: a set of managed entity instances that exist in a particular data store. (Basically, NOTHING happens) But in case of the merge method, the entity that is already managed in the persistence context will be replaced Aug 3, 2022 · entityManagerFactory. merge for an existing, unattached entity that is presumably not in the session would create a duplicate. @Table(name = "BENUTZER") @NamedQueries({. save(…) method. If I want to get the new created ID, I would use em. createEntityManager() will create EntityManager instance for us to use. persistence. When you call find(id), JPA will first Dec 7, 2018 · When I'm doing entityManager. So far, my preference has been to always use EntityManager's merge() take care of both insert and update. But in my case, merge() updates records fine but when needs to insert, instead of inserting the values of the entity object, is trying to insert nulls in all the fields. Jan 26, 2019 · I'm having an issue where duplicate record is created in the database when I update the entity object returned after the calling entityManager. setId((long)44); remove this line Boolean a; em. May 6, 2011 · I think one common way to do this is with transactions. If the entry record does not exist in the DB (based on the PK) it should be inserted, otherwise updated. In the examples below, we’ll look at different ways of managing and bypassing this limitation. This method merges the state of a detached entity into the current persistence context. merge does not directly update the object into the database, it merges the changes into the persistence context (transaction). Different Ways of Deleting Objects. I am creating a bean by name primary and secondary for respective source and target databases :: I'm having an issue where duplicate record is created in the database when I update the entity object returned after the calling entityManager. Here's the scenario: Create two new parent's and persist in db. Here is the order of events plus what I deducted from the Apr 14, 2014 · I don't really like the REQUIRES_NEW propagation, you might be creating the entity in a TX and then doing a "merge or update" in a different TX, which doesn't know about the original entity. JPA provides EntityManager interface that helps us persist an entity class into the database, manage lifecycle of entity instance such as create, remove, retrieve and query. However, the object returned is an entity proxy that only has the primary key field initialized. The problem is likely that, since the @Id is not marked with @GeneratedValue, Spring Data assumes all detached (transient) entities passed to save()/saveAll() should have EntityManager. While for IDENTITY and SEQUENCE generator strategies Apr 2, 2024 · We can develop the simple JPA application with the Hibernate Entity Manager for the CRUD operations. Nov 21, 2023 · Run this program, and you should see it inserts a new row into the contact table in database. setName( "New Order Name" ); repository. One of the most commonly used methods in the "EntityManager" class is "merge()". lastName = 'New Last Name' WHERE p. jdbc. getPersonById(1); person. This suggests a pattern "fetch an entity, return its shallow copy to some client, let the client make some changes and send us updated instance, then merge updated instance back into persistence context", right? Oct 22, 2010 · How Does Merge Work in JPA (and Hibernate) The JPA EntityManager there are the merge() and persist() methods. After all, JPA has a cache layer to prevent unnecessary requests to go all the way to the DB. and then just execute it. The most important difference is this: In case of the persist method, if the entity that is to be managed in the persistence context, already exists in the persistence context, the new one is ignored. If it does have an id, you can merge it. If you are on none Enterprise Environment, then I see no problem in creating one static instance of the factory EntityManagerFactory, and call it to obtain instances of EntityManager when needed. 1. If X is a new entity instance, a new managed Oct 27, 2023 · Conclusion. I tried countless variations of @Stateless, @Stateful, @Local, @Transactionattribute, etc. getId(). Calling EntityManager. merge() results in the creation of a new entity instead of updating existing one 17 JPA Hibernate merge performs insert instead of update 8. Now that I am working on a project requiring extensive (bulk) inserts to the database. A persistence context is a set of entity instances in which for any persistent entity identity there is a unique entity instance. since there is no changes made on Person object (when you update same name to person object). This means that if there is created EntityManager (Session) the proxy will use it and if there is not it will create a new EntityManager (Session) on demand for you. hq rp za ak mq dc ny bt zc pv